Friday, December 1, 2017
Monday, November 20, 2017
UPSC MAINS POLITICAL SCIENCE SYLLABUS
UPSC MAINS POLITICAL SCIENCE SYLLABUS PAPER – I
Political Theory and Indian Politics:
Political Theory: meaning and approaches.
Theories of the State: Liberal, Neo-liberal, Pluralist, Marxist, Post-colonial, and feminist.
Justice: Conceptions of justice.Rawl’s theory of justice and its communitarian critiques.
Equality: Political, Social and economic; relationship between equality and freedom; Affirmative action.
Rights: Meaning and theories; different kinds of rights; concept of Human Rights.
Democracy: Classical theories and contemporary theories; different models of democracy – participatory, representative, and deliberative.
Concept of power, ideology, hegemony, and legitimacy.
Political Ideologies: Liberalism, Marxism, Socialism, Fascism, Gandhism and Feminism.
Indian Political Thought: Dharmashastra, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Arthashastra and Buddhist traditions; Sri Aurobindo, M.N. Roy, M.K. Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar.
Western Political Thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Locke, Hobbes, John S. Mill, Marx, Gramsci, and Hannah Arendt.
Indian Government and Politics:
Indian Nationalism:
(a) India’s Freedom Struggle: Political Strategies, Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha, Civil Disobedience, Liberal and Non-cooperation; Peasant and workers’ movements, Militant and revolutionary movements.
(b) Perspectives on Indian National Movement: Liberal andMarxist; Radical humanist and Dalit.
Making of the Indian Constitution:
Legacies of the British rule; various social and political perspectives.
Salient Features of the Indian Constitution: The Preamble, Directive Principles; Fundamental Rights and Duties, Parliamentary System and Constitutional Amendment Procedures; Judicial Review and Basic Structure doctrine.
(a) Principal Organs of the Union Government: role and actual working of thelegislature, Executive and Supreme Court.
(b) Principal Organs of the State Government: role and actual working of the Legislature, Executive, and High Courts.
Grassroots Democracy: Panchayati Raj and Municipal Government; Grass root movements , significance of 73rd and 74th Amendments;.
Statutory Institutions/Commissions: Election Commission, Finance Commission, Comptroller and Auditor General, , Union Public Service Commission, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Women; National Commission for Minorities ,National Human Rights Commission, National Backward Classes Commission.
Federalism: Constitutional provisions related to; changing nature of state- center relations; integrationist tendencies and regional aspirations; inter-state disputes.
Planning and Economic Development : Gandhian and Nehruvian perspectives; role of planning and public sector; Green Revolution, land reforms and agrarian relations; liberalization and its impact and economic reforms.
Caste, Religion and Ethnicity in Indian Politics.
Party System: National and regional political parties, social base and ideological bases of parties; patterns of coalition politics; trends in electoral behavior; Pressure groups, changing socio- economic profile of Legislators.
Social Movements: Women’s movements; Civil liberties and human rights movements; environmentalist movements.
UPSC MAINS POLITICAL SCIENCE SYLLABUS PAPER – 2
Comparative Politics and International Relations
Comparative Politics: Nature and approaches; political economy and political sociology, perspectives and limitations of the comparative method.
Study of State in comparative perspective: Characteristics and changing nature of the State in socialist and capitalist economies and advanced industrial and developing societies.
Politics of Participation and Representation : Pressure groups, Political parties and social movements in advanced industrial and developing societies.
Globalization: Responses from different developing and developed societies.
Approaches to the Study of International Relations: Idealist, Realist, Functionalist, Marxist and Systems theory.
Key concepts in International Relations: National interest, Security and power; Transnational actors and collective security, Balance of power and deterrence; World capitalist economy and globalization.
Changing International Political Order:
(a) Rise of super powers; ideological and strategic Bipolarity, arms race and Cold War; nuclear threat;
(b) Non-aligned movement: Concept, Aims and achievements;
(c) Collapse of the Soviet Union; relevance of non-alignment in the contemporary world, Unipolarity and American hegemony.
Evolution of the International Economic System:
From Bretton woods to WTO; Socialist economies and the CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance); Globalization of the world economy, Third World demand for new international economic order.
United Nations:
Emergence, role and actual record: specialised agencies of UN and their aims and functioning; a need for UN reforms.
Regionalization of World Politics: APEC, EU, ASEAN, SAARC, NAFTA.
Contemporary Global Concerns: Democracy, environment, human rights, gender justice, terrorism, nuclear proliferation
India and the World:
Indian Foreign Policy: Determinants of foreign policy; continuity and change, institutions of policy-making.
India’s Contribution to the Non- Alignment Movement: Study of Different phases and current role.
India and South Asia:
(a) Regional Co-operation: SAARC – existence,past performance and future prospects.
(b) South Asia and concept of Free Trade Area.
(c) India and its “Look East” policy.
(d) Impediments to regional co-operation: illegal cross-border migration; river water disputes; ethnic conflicts and insurgencies; border disputes.
India and the Global South: Relations with Latin America and Africa ; leadership role in the demand for WTO and NIEO negotiations.
India and the Global Centers of Power: EU, USA, Japan, China and Russia.
India and the UN System: Its role in UN Peace-keeping; India’s demand for Permanent Seat in the Security Council.
India and the Nuclear Power Question: Changing perceptions and policy.
Recent developments in Indian Foreign policy: India and its position on the recent crisis in Iraq , Afghanistan, and West Asia, growing relations with Israel and US; vision of a new world order.
Click here to download syllabus in pdf format for Political Science of UPSC Mains.
Read updates of UPSC Recruitment and other notification of UPSC. It also covers syllabus of other optional papers.
Wednesday, November 15, 2017
EDUCATIONAL ANDROID APP AKP
EDUCATIONAL ANDROID APP AKP
hi guys this is my first educational app which support android system and you can download from here
http://app.appsgeyser.com/5963824/Home%20Search
Monday, November 13, 2017
How to do turn on/off laptop/pc wi.fi adapter.............
How to do turn on/off laptop/pc wi.fi adapter.............
Sunday, November 12, 2017
HOW TO GET RID OF from RATS चूहों से छुटकारा कैसे ले without kill him 2
HOW TO GET RID OF from RATS चूहों से छुटकारा कैसे ले without kill him 2
How can we free phone call by internet..
How can we free phone call by internet..
HELLO GUYS IN THIS VDO SHOWING HOW WE CAN DO FREE CALLING BY INTERNET. LETS START FREE CALLING AND SAVE MONEY ..........
Wednesday, May 17, 2017
Computer virus
Computer virus
computer virus is a type of malicious software program ("malware") that, when executed, replicates by reproducing itself (copying its own source code) by infecting other computer programs by modifying them.[1] Infecting computer programs can include as well, data files, or the "boot" sector of the hard drive. When this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be "infected" with a computer virusr virus
Computer viruses currently cause billions of dollars' worth of economic damage each year
Once a virus has successfully attached to a program, file, or document, the virus will lie dormant until circumstances cause the computer or device to execute its code. In order for a virus to infect your computer, you have to run the infected program, which in turn causes the virus code to be executed. This means that a virus can remain dormant on your computer, without showing major sings or symptoms. However, once the virus infects your computer, the virus can infect other computers on the same network. Stealing passwords or data, logging keystrokes, corrupting files, spamming your email contacts, and even taking over your machine are just some of the devastating and irritating things a virus can do.
TYPE OF Computer virus
Most Common Types of Viruses and Other Malicious Programs
1. Resident Viruses
This type of virus is a permanent which dwells in the RAM memory. From there it can overcome and interrupt all of the operations executed by the system: corrupting files and programs that are opened, closed, copied, renamed etc.
Examples include: Randex, CMJ, Meve, and MrKlunky.
2. Multipartite Viruses
Multipartite viruses are distributed
through infected media and usually hide in the memory. Gradually, the
virus moves to the boot sector of the hard drive and infects executable
files on the hard drive and later across the computer system.
3. Direct Action Viruses
The main purpose of this virus is to replicate and take action when it is executed. When a specific condition is met, the virus will go into action and infect files in the directory or folder that it is in and in directories that are specified in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file PATH. This batch file is always located in the root directory of the hard disk and carries out certain operations when the computer is booted.
4. Overwrite Viruses
Virus of this kind is characterized by the fact that it deletes the information contained in the files that it infects, rendering them partially or totally useless once they have been infected.
The only way to clean a file infected by an overwrite virus is to delete the file completely, thus losing the original content.
Examples of this virus include: Way, Trj.Reboot, Trivial.88.D.
5. Boot Virus
This type of virus affects the boot sector of a floppy or hard disk. This is a crucial part of a disk, in which information on the disk itself is stored together with a program that makes it possible to boot (start) the computer from the disk.
The best way of avoiding boot viruses is to ensure that floppy disks are write-protected and never start your computer with an unknown floppy disk in the disk drive.
Examples of boot viruses include: Polyboot.B, AntiEXE.
6. Macro Virus
Macro viruses infect files that are created using certain applications or programs that contain macros. These mini-programs make it possible to automate series of operations so that they are performed as a single action, thereby saving the user from having to carry them out one by one.
Examples of macro viruses: Relax, Melissa.A, Bablas, O97M/Y2K.
7. Directory Virus
Directory viruses change the paths that indicate the location of a file. By executing a program (file with the extension .EXE or .COM) which has been infected by a virus, you are unknowingly running the virus program, while the original file and program have been previously moved by the virus.
Once infected it becomes impossible to locate the original files.
8. Polymorphic Virus
Polymorphic viruses encrypt or encode themselves in a different way (using different algorithms and encryption keys) every time they infect a system.
This makes it impossible for anti-viruses to find them using string or signature searches (because they are different in each encryption) and also enables them to create a large number of copies of themselves.
Examples include: Elkern, Marburg, Satan Bug, and Tuareg.
9. File Infectors
This type of virus infects programs or executable files (files with an .EXE or .COM extension). When one of these programs is run, directly or indirectly, the virus is activated, producing the damaging effects it is programmed to carry out. The majority of existing viruses belongs to this category, and can be classified depending on the actions that they carry out.
10. Encrypted Viruses
This type of viruses consists of
encrypted malicious code, decrypted module. The viruses use encrypted
code technique which make antivirus software hardly to detect them. The
antivirus program usually can detect this type of viruses when they try
spread by decrypted themselves.
11. Companion Viruses
11. Companion Viruses
Companion viruses can be considered file infector viruses like resident or direct action types. They are known as companion viruses because once they get into the system they "accompany" the other files that already exist. In other words, in order to carry out their infection routines, companion viruses can wait in memory until a program is run (resident viruses) or act immediately by making copies of themselves (direct action viruses).
Some examples include: Stator, Asimov.1539, and Terrax.1069
12. Network Virus
Network viruses rapidly spread
through a Local Network Area (LAN), and sometimes throughout the
internet. Generally, network viruses multiply through shared resources,
i.e., shared drives and folders. When the virus infects a computer, it
searches through the network to attack its new potential prey. When the
virus finishes infecting that computer, it moves on to the next and the
cycle repeats itself.
The most dangerous network viruses are Nimda and SQLSlammer.
13. Nonresident Viruses
This type of viruses is similar to
Resident Viruses by using replication of module. Besides that,
Nonresident Viruses role as finder module which can infect to files when
it found one (it will select one or more files to infect each time the
module is executed).
14. Stealth Viruses
Stealth Viruses is some sort of
viruses which try to trick anti-virus software by intercepting its
requests to the operating system. It has ability to hide itself from
some antivirus software programs. Therefore, some antivirus program
cannot detect them.
15. Sparse Infectors
In order to spread widely, a virus
must attempt to avoid detection. To minimize the probability of its
being discovered a virus could use any number of different techniques.
It might, for example, only infect every 20th time a file is executed;
it might only infect files whose lengths are within narrowly defined
ranges or whose names begin with letters in a certain range of the
alphabet. There are many other possibilities.
16. Spacefiller (Cavity) Viruses
Many viruses take the easy way out
when infecting files; they simply attach themselves to the end of the
file and then change the start of the program so that it first points to
the virus and then to the actual program code. Many viruses that do
this also implement some stealth techniques so you don't see the
increase in file length when the virus is active in memory.
A spacefiller (cavity) virus, on the other
hand, attempts to be clever. Some program files, for a variety of
reasons, have empty space inside of them. This empty space can be used
to house virus code. A spacefiller virus attempts to install itself in
this empty space while not damaging the actual program itself. An
advantage of this is that the virus then does not increase the length of
the program and can avoid the need for some stealth techniques. The
Lehigh virus was an early example of a spacefiller virus.
17. FAT Virus
The file allocation table or FAT is the part of a disk used to connect information and is a vital part of the normal functioning of the computer.
This type of virus attack can be especially dangerous, by preventing access to certain sections of the disk where important files are stored. Damage caused can result in information losses from individual files or even entire directories.
18. Worms
A worm is technically not a virus, but a program very similar to a virus; it has the ability to self-replicate, and can lead to negative effects on your system and most importantly they are detected and eliminated by antiviruses.
Examples of worms include: PSWBugbear.B, Lovgate.F, Trile.C, Sobig.D, Mapson.
19. Trojans or Trojan Horses
Another unsavory breed of malicious code (not a virus as well) are Trojans or Trojan horses, which unlike viruses do not reproduce by infecting other files, nor do they self-replicate like worms.
20. Logic Bombs
They are not considered viruses because they do not replicate. They are not even programs in their own right but rather camouflaged segments of other programs.
Their objective is to destroy data on the computer once certain conditions have been met. Logic bombs go undetected until launched, and the results can be destructive.
How to protect against computer viruses?
Instead, look into comprehensive security software like Norton Security.
Tuesday, May 16, 2017
International Court of Justice
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands). Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, it is the only one not located in New York (United States of America).
The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine years by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. It is assisted by a Registry, its administrative organ. Its official languages are English and French.
Rensonware
Rensonware
a type of malicious software designed to block access to a computer system until a sum of money is paid.
History
Encrypting ransomware
The first known malware extortion attack, the "AIDS Trojan" written by Joseph Popp in 1989, had a design failure so severe it was not necessary to pay the extortionist at all. Its payload hid the files on the hard drive and encrypted only their names, and displayed a message claiming that the user's license to use a certain piece of software had expired. The user was asked to pay US$189 to "PC Cyborg Corporation" in order to obtain a repair tool even though the decryption key could be extracted from the code of the Trojan. The Trojan was also known as "PC Cyborg". Popp was declared mentally unfit to stand trial for his actions, but he promised to donate the profits from the malware to fund AIDS research.[27]The notion of using public key cryptography for ransom attacks was introduced in 1996 by Adam L. Young and Moti Yung. Young and Yung critiqued the failed AIDS Information Trojan that relied on symmetric cryptography alone, the fatal flaw being that the decryption key could be extracted from the Trojan, and implemented an experimental proof-of-concept cryptovirus on a Macintosh SE/30 that used RSA and the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) to hybrid encrypt the victim's data. Since public key crypto is used, the cryptovirus only contains the encryption key. The attacker keeps the corresponding private decryption key private. Young and Yung's original experimental cryptovirus had the victim send the asymmetric ciphertext to the attacker who deciphers it and returns the symmetric decryption key it contains to the victim for a fee. Long before electronic money existed Young and Yung proposed that electronic money could be extorted through encryption as well, stating that "the virus writer can effectively hold all of the money ransom until half of it is given to him. Even if the e-money was previously encrypted by the user, it is of no use to the user if it gets encrypted by a cryptovirus".[12] They referred to these attacks as being "cryptoviral extortion", an overt attack that is part of a larger class of attacks in a field called cryptovirology, which encompasses both overt and covert attacks.[12]
Examples of extortionate ransomware became prominent in May 2005.[28] By mid-2006, Trojans such as Gpcode, TROJ.RANSOM.A, Archiveus, Krotten, Cryzip, and MayArchive began utilizing more sophisticated RSA encryption schemes, with ever-increasing key-sizes. Gpcode.AG, which was detected in June 2006, was encrypted with a 660-bit RSA public key.[29] In June 2008, a variant known as Gpcode.AK was detected. Using a 1024-bit RSA key, it was believed large enough to be computationally infeasible to break without a concerted distributed effort.[30][31][32][33]
Encrypting ransomware returned to prominence in late 2013 with the propagation of CryptoLocker—using the Bitcoin digital currency platform to collect ransom money. In December 2013, ZDNet estimated based on Bitcoin transaction information that between 15 October and 18 December, the operators of CryptoLocker had procured about US$27 million from infected users.[34] The CryptoLocker technique was widely copied in the months following, including CryptoLocker 2.0 (though not to be related to CryptoLocker), CryptoDefense (which initially contained a major design flaw that stored the private key on the infected system in a user-retrievable location, due to its use of Windows' built-in encryption APIs),[24][35][36][37] and the August 2014 discovery of a Trojan specifically targeting network-attached storage devices produced by Synology.[38] In January 2015, it was reported that ransomware-styled attacks have occurred against individual websites via hacking, and through ransomware designed to target Linux-based web servers.[39][40][41]
Some ransomware strains have used proxies tied to Tor hidden services to connect to their command and control servers, increasing the difficulty of tracing the exact location of the criminals.[42][43] Furthermore, dark web vendors have increasingly started to offer the technology as a service.[43][44][45]
Symantec has classified ransomware to be the most dangerous cyber threat.[46]
Non-encrypting ransomware
In August 2010, Russian authorities arrested nine individuals connected to a ransomware Trojan known as WinLock. Unlike the previous Gpcode Trojan, WinLock did not use encryption. Instead, WinLock trivially restricted access to the system by displaying pornographic images, and asked users to send a premium-rate SMS (costing around US$10) to receive a code that could be used to unlock their machines. The scam hit numerous users across Russia and neighboring countries—reportedly earning the group over US$16 million.[15][47]In 2011, a ransomware Trojan surfaced that imitated the Windows Product Activation notice, and informed users that a system's Windows installation had to be re-activated due to "[being a] victim of fraud". An online activation option was offered (like the actual Windows activation process), but was unavailable, requiring the user to call one of six international numbers to input a 6-digit code. While the malware claimed that this call would be free, it was routed through a rogue operator in a country with high international phone rates, who placed the call on hold, causing the user to incur large international long distance charges.[13]
In February 2013, a ransomware Trojan based on the Stamp.EK exploit kit surfaced; the malware was distributed via sites hosted on the project hosting services SourceForge and GitHub that claimed to offer "fake nude pics" of celebrities.[48] In July 2013, an OS X-specific ransomware Trojan surfaced, which displays a web page that accuses the user of downloading pornography. Unlike its Windows-based counterparts, it does not block the entire computer, but simply exploits the behavior of the web browser itself to frustrate attempts to close the page through normal means.[49]
In July 2013, a 21-year-old man from Virginia, whose computer coincidentally did contain pornographic photographs of underaged girls with whom he had conducted sexualized communications, turned himself in to police after receiving and being deceived by ransomware purporting to be an FBI message accusing him of possessing child pornography. An investigation discovered the incriminating files, and the man was charged with child sexual abuse and possession of child pornography.[50]
Leakware (also called Doxware)
The converse of ransomware is a cryptovirology attack that threatens to publish stolen information from the victim's computer system rather than deny the victim access to it.[51] In a leakware attack, malware exfiltrates sensitive host data either to the attacker or alternatively, to remote instances of the malware, and the attacker threatens to publish the victim's data unless a ransom is paid. The attack was presented at West Point in 2003 and was summarized in the book Malicious Cryptography as follows, "The attack differs from the extortion attack in the following way. In the extortion attack, the victim is denied access to its own valuable information and has to pay to get it back, where in the attack that is presented here the victim retains access to the information but its disclosure is at the discretion of the computer virus".[52] The attack is rooted in game theory and was originally dubbed "non-zero sum games and survivable malware". The attack can yield monetary gain in cases where the malware acquires access to information that may damage the victim user or organization, e.g., reputational damage that could result from publishing proof that the attack itself was a success.Mobile ransomware
With the increased popularity of ransomware on PC platforms, ransomware targeting mobile operating systems have also proliferated. Typically, mobile ransomware payloads are blockers, as there is little incentive to encrypt data since it can be easily restored via online synchronization.[53] Mobile ransomware typically targets the Android platform, as it allows applications to be installed from third-party sources.[53][54] The payload is typically distributed as an APK file installed by an unsuspecting user; it may attempt to display a blocking message over top of all other applications,[54] while another used a form of clickjacking to cause the user to give it "device administrator" privileges to achieve deeper access to the system.[55]Different tactics have been used on iOS devices, such as exploiting iCloud accounts and using the Find My iPhone system to lock access to the device.[56] On iOS 10.3, Apple patched a bug in the handling of JavaScript pop-up windows in Safari that had been exploited by ransomware websites
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